Protesilaos Stavrou

Denote Org (denote-org.el)

Extensions to better integrate Org with Denote

This manual, written by Protesilaos Stavrou, describes the customization options for the Emacs package called denote (or denote.el), and provides every other piece of information pertinent to it.

The documentation furnished herein corresponds to stable version 0.0.0, released on N/A. Any reference to a newer feature which does not yet form part of the latest tagged commit, is explicitly marked as such.

Current development target is 0.1.0-dev.

If you are viewing the README.org version of this file, please note that the GNU ELPA machinery automatically generates an Info manual out of it.

1. COPYING

Copyright (C) 2022-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being “A GNU Manual,” and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License.”

(a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual.”

2. Overview

The denote-org package contains extra features that better integrate Denote with Org mode. These used to be available as part of the main denote package in a file called denote-org-extras.el, but now live in this standalone package to main things easier to maintain and understand.

With denote-org, users have Org-specific extensions such as dynamic blocks, links to headings, and splitting an Org subtree into its own standalone file. The following sections cover the technicalities.

3. Use Org dynamic blocks

Denote can optionally integrate with Org mode’s “dynamic blocks” facility. This means that it can use special blocks that are evaluated with C-c C-x C-u (org-dblock-update) to generate their contents. The following subsections describe the types of Org dynamic blocks provided by Denote.

A dynamic block gets its contents by evaluating a function that corresponds to the type of block. The block type and its parameters are stated in the opening #+BEGIN line. Typing C-c C-x C-u (org-dblock-update) with point on that line runs (or re-runs) the associated function with the given parameters and populates the block’s contents accordingly.

Dynamic blocks are particularly useful for metanote entries that reflect on the status of earlier notes (read the Denote manual’s section about writing metanotes).

The Org manual describes the technicalities of Dynamic Blocks. Evaluate: 

(info "(org) Dynamic Blocks")

3.1. Org dynamic blocks to insert links

The denote-links block can be inserted at point with the command denote-org-dblock-insert-links or by manually including the following in an Org file: 

#+BEGIN: denote-links :regexp "YOUR REGEXP HERE" :not-regexp :excluded-dirs-regexp nil :sort-by-component nil :reverse-sort nil :id-only nil :include-date nil

#+END:

All the parameters except for :regexp are optional.

The denote-links block is also registered as an option for the command org-dynamic-block-insert-dblock.

Type C-c C-x C-u (org-dblock-update) with point on the #+BEGIN line to update the block.

  • The :regexp parameter is mandatory. Its value is a string and its behaviour is the same as that of the standard denote-add-links command (part of the main denote package). Concretely, it produces a typographic list of links to files matching the giving regular expression. The value of the :regexp parameter may also be of the form read by the rx macro (Lisp notation instead of a string), as explained in the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual (evaluate this code to read the documentation: (info "(elisp) Rx Notation")). Note that you do not need to write an actual regular expression to get meaningful results: even something like _journal will work to include all files that have a journal keyword.
  • The :not-regexp parameter is optional. It is a regular expression that applies after :regexp to filter out the matching files. [ Part of 0.1.0-dev. ]
  • The :excluded-dirs-regexp is a string that contains a word or regular expression that matches against directory files names to-be-excluded from the results. This has the same meaning as setting the denote-excluded-directories-regexp user option (which is part of the main denote package). The user option has a global effect, which is overridden locally in the dynamic block. When the value of :excluded-dirs-regexp is nil (the default), the value of denote-excluded-directories-regexp is used (which is also nil by default, meaning that all directories are included). When the value of excluded-dirs-regexp is t or some other symbol, then the denote-excluded-directories-regexp is ignored altogether. This is useful in the scenario where the user option is set to exclude some directories but the dynamic blocks wants to lift that restriction.
  • The :sort-by-component parameter is optional. It sorts the files by the given Denote file name component. The value it accepts is an unquoted symbol among title, keywords, signature, identifier. When using the command denote-org-dblock-insert-files, this parameter is automatically inserted together with the (:regexp parameter) and the user is prompted for a file name component.
  • The :reverse-sort parameter is optional. It reverses the order in which files appear in. This is meaningful even without the presence of the parameter :sort-by-component, though it also combines with it.
  • The :id-only parameter is optional. It accepts a t value, in which case links are inserted without a description text but only with the identifier of the given file. This has the same meaning as with the denote-link command and related facilities (read the Denote manual’s section about linking to other files in the denote-directory).
  • The :include-date parameter controls whether to display the date of the file name after the title. This is done when its value is t. By default (a nil value), no date is shown.
  • An optional :block-name parameter can be specified with a string value to add a #+name to the results. This is useful for further processing using Org facilities (a feature that is outside Denote’s purview).

In some workflows, users may want to have a separate block to see what other links they are missing since they last updated the dynamic block. We cover that case as well (The Org dynamic block to insert missing links only).

3.2. The Org dynamic block to insert missing links only

The denote-missing-links block is available with the command denote-org-dblock-insert-missing-links. It is like the aforementioned denote-links block, except it only lists links to files that are not present in the current buffer (Org dynamic blocks to insert links). The parameters are otherwise the same and are all optional except for :regexp: 

#+BEGIN: denote-missing-links :regexp "YOUR REGEXP HERE" :excluded-dirs-regexp nil :sort-by-component nil :reverse-sort nil :id-only nil :include-date nil

#+END:

The denote-missing-links block is also registered as an option for the command org-dynamic-block-insert-dblock.

Remember to type C-c C-x C-u (org-dblock-update) with point on the #+BEGIN line to update the block.

3.3. The Org dynamic block to insert backlinks

Apart from links to files matching a regular expression, we can also produce a list of backlinks to the current file. The dynamic block can be inserted at point with the command denote-org-dblock-insert-backlinks or by manually writing this in an Org file: 

#+BEGIN: denote-backlinks :excluded-dirs-regexp nil :sort-by-component nil :reverse-sort nil :id-only nil :this-heading-only nil :include-date nil

#+END:

The denote-backlinks block is also registered as an option for the command org-dynamic-block-insert-dblock.

Remember to type C-c C-x C-u (org-dblock-update) with point on the #+BEGIN line to update the block.

The parameters recognised by this dynamic block are almost the same as that for inserting links (Org dynamic blocks to insert links). They are all optional in this case and there is no parameter expecting a regular expression for matching files to link to.

Additionally, the denote-backlinks block also recognises the :this-heading-only parameter. It determines if the backlinks are about the file or the heading under which the dynamic block is inserted (Backlinks for Org headings). When this parameter is omitted or nil (the default), then the backlinks are about the whole file, but if this parameter has a t value then the backlinks are specifically for the heading (Insert link to an Org file with a further pointer to a heading).

3.4. Org dynamic block to insert file contents

Denote can optionally use Org’s dynamic blocks facility to produce a section that lists entire file contents (Use Org dynamic blocks). This works by instructing Org to match a regular expression of Denote files, the same way we do with Denote links (read the Denote manual’s section about inserting links that match a regular expression).

This is useful to, for example, compile a dynamically concatenated list of scattered thoughts on a given topic, like ^2023.*_emacs for a long entry that incorporates all the notes written in 2023 with the keyword emacs.

To produce such a block, call the command denote-org-dblock-insert-files or manually write the following block in an Org file and then type C-c C-x C-u (org-dblock-update) on the #+BEGIN line to run it (do it again to recalculate the block): 

#+BEGIN: denote-files :regexp "YOUR REGEXP HERE" :not-regexp nil :sort-by-component nil :reverse-sort nil :no-front-matter nil :file-separator nil :add-links nil

#+END:

All parameters are optional except for :regexp.

The denote-files block is also registered as an option for the command org-dynamic-block-insert-dblock.

Remember to type C-c C-x C-u (org-dblock-update) with point on the #+BEGIN line to update the block.

To fully control the output, include these additional optional parameters, which are described further below:

  • The :regexp parameter is mandatory. Its value is a string, representing a regular expression to match Denote file names. Its value may also be an rx expression instead of a string, as noted in the previous section (Org dynamic blocks to insert links or backlinks). Note that you do not need to write an actual regular expression to get meaningful results: even something like _journal will work to include all files that have a journal keyword.
  • The :not-regexp parameter is optional. It is a regular expression that applies after :regexp to filter out the matching files. [ Part of 0.1.0-dev. ]
  • The :excluded-dirs-regexp is a string that contains a word or regular expression that matches against directory files names to-be-excluded from the results. This has the same meaning as setting the denote-excluded-directories-regexp user option (which is part of the main denote package). The user option has a global effect, which is overridden locally in the dynamic block. When the value of :excluded-dirs-regexp is nil (the default), the value of denote-excluded-directories-regexp is used (which is also nil by default, meaning that all directories are included). When the value of excluded-dirs-regexp is t or some other symbol, then the denote-excluded-directories-regexp is ignored altogether. This is useful in the scenario where the user option is set to exclude some directories but the dynamic blocks wants to lift that restriction.
  • The :sort-by-component parameter is optional. It sorts the files by the given Denote file name component. The value it accepts is an unquoted symbol among title, keywords, signature, identifier. When using the command denote-org-dblock-insert-files, this parameter is automatically inserted together with the (:regexp parameter) and the user is prompted for a file name component.
  • The :reverse-sort parameter is optional. It reverses the order in which files appear in. This is meaningful even without the presence of the parameter :sort-by-component, though it also combines with it.
  • The :file-separator parameter is optional. If it is omitted, then Denote will use no separator between the files it inserts. If the value is t the denote-org-dblock-file-contents-separator is applied at the end of each file: it introduces some empty lines and a horizontal rule between them to visually distinguish individual files. If the :file-separator value is a string, it is used as the file separator (e.g. use "\n" to insert just one empty new line).
  • The :no-front-matter parameter is optional. When set to a t value, Denote tries to remove front matter from the files it is inserting in the dynamic block. The technique used to perform this operation is by removing all lines from the top of the file until the first empty line. This works with the default front matter that Denote adds, but is not 100% reliable with all sorts of user-level modifications and edits to the file. When the :no-front-matter is set to a natural number, Denote will omit that many lines from the top of the file.
  • The :add-links parameter is optional. When it is set to a t value, all files are inserted as a typographic list and are indented accordingly. The first line in each list item is a link to the file whose contents are inserted in the following lines. When the value is id-only, then links are inserted without a description text but only with the identifier of the given file. This has the same meaning as with the denote-link command and related facilities (those are explained at length in the Denote manual). Remember that Org can fold the items in a typographic list the same way it does with headings. So even long files can be presented in this format without much trouble.
  • An optional :block-name parameter can be specified with a string value to add a #+name to the results. This is useful for further processing using Org facilities (a feature that is outside Denote’s purview).

3.5. Org dynamic block to insert Org files as headings

[ IMPORTANT NOTE: This dynamic block only works with Org files, because it has to assume the Org notation in order to insert each file’s contents as its own heading. ]

As a variation of the previously covered block that inserts file contents, we have the denote-org-dblock-insert-files-as-headings command (Org dynamic block to insert file contents). It Turn the #+title of each file into a top-level heading. Then it increments all original headings in the file by one, so that they become subheadings of what once was the #+title. Similarly, the #+filetags of each file as tags for the top-level heading (what was the #+title).

Because of how it is meant to work, this dynamic block only works with Org files.

In its simplest form, this dynamic block looks like this, with :regexp as the only mandatory parameter: 

#+BEGIN: denote-files-as-headings :regexp "YOUR REGEXP HERE"

#+END:

Though when you use the command denote-org-dblock-insert-files-as-headings you get all the parameters included: 

#+BEGIN: denote-files-as-headings :regexp "YOUR REGEXP HERE" :not-regexp nil :excluded-dirs-regexp nil :sort-by-component title :reverse-sort nil :add-links t

#+END:
  • The :regexp parameter is mandatory. Its value is a string, representing a regular expression to match Denote file names. Its value may also be an rx expression instead of a string, as noted in the previous section (Org dynamic blocks to insert links or backlinks). Note that you do not need to write an actual regular expression to get meaningful results: even something like _journal will work to include all files that have a journal keyword.
  • The :not-regexp parameter is optional. It is a regular expression that applies after :regexp to filter out the matching files. [ Part of 0.1.0-dev. ]
  • The :excluded-dirs-regexp is a string that contains a word or regular expression that matches against directory files names to-be-excluded from the results. This has the same meaning as setting the denote-excluded-directories-regexp user option (which is part of the main denote package)). The user option has a global effect, which is overridden locally in the dynamic block. When the value of :excluded-dirs-regexp is nil (the default), the value of denote-excluded-directories-regexp is used (which is also nil by default, meaning that all directories are included). When the value of excluded-dirs-regexp is t or some other symbol, then the denote-excluded-directories-regexp is ignored altogether. This is useful in the scenario where the user option is set to exclude some directories but the dynamic blocks wants to lift that restriction.
  • The :sort-by-component parameter is optional. It sorts the files by the given Denote file name component. The value it accepts is an unquoted symbol among title, keywords, signature, identifier. When using the command denote-org-dblock-insert-files, this parameter is automatically inserted together with the (:regexp parameter) and the user is prompted for a file name component.
  • The :reverse-sort parameter is optional. It reverses the order in which files appear in. This is meaningful even without the presence of the parameter :sort-by-component, though it also combines with it.
  • The :add-links parameter is optional. When it is set to a t value, all the top-level headings (those that were the #+title of each file) are generated as links, pointing to the original file. This has the same meaning as with the denote-link command and related facilities (those are explained at length in the Denote manual).
  • An optional :block-name parameter can be specified with a string value to add a #+name to the results. This is useful for further processing using Org facilities (a feature that is outside Denote’s purview).

4. Create a note from the current Org subtree

In Org parlance, an entry with all its subheadings and other contents is a “subtree”. Denote can operate on the subtree to extract it from the current file and create a new file out of it. One such workflow is to collect thoughts in a single document and produce longer standalone notes out of them upon review.

The command denote-org-extract-org-subtree is used for this purpose. It creates a new Denote note using the current Org subtree. In doing so, it removes the subtree from its current file and moves its contents into a new file. This command is part of the optional denote-org.el extension, which is part of the denote package. It is loaded automatically as soon as one of its commands is invoked.

The text of the subtree’s heading becomes the #+title of the new note. Everything else is inserted as-is.

If the heading has any tags, they are used as the keywords of the new note. If the Org file has any #+filetags they are taken as well (Org’s #+filetags are inherited by the headings). If none of these are true and the user option denote-prompts includes an entry for keywords, then denote-org-extract-org-subtree prompts for keywords. Else the new note has no keywords.

If the heading has a PROPERTIES drawer, it is retained for further review.

If the heading’s PROPERTIES drawer includes a DATE or CREATED property, or there exists a CLOSED statement with a timestamp value, use that to derive the date (or date and time) of the new note (if there is only a date, the time is taken as 00:00). If more than one of these is present, the order of preference is DATE, then CREATED, then CLOSED. If none of these is present, the current time is used. If the denote-prompts includes an entry for a date, then the command prompts for a date at this stage (also see denote-date-prompt-use-org-read-date).

For the rest, it consults the value of the user option denote-prompts in the following scenaria:

  • To optionally prompt for a subdirectory, otherwise it produces the new note in the denote-directory.
  • To optionally prompt for a file signature, otherwise to not use any.

The new note is an Org file regardless of the user option denote-file-type.

5. Insert link to an Org file with a further pointer to a heading

As part of the optional denote-org.el extension, the command denote-org-link-to-heading prompts for a link to an Org file and then asks for a heading therein, using minibuffer completion. Once the user provides input at the two prompts, the command inserts a link at point which has the following pattern: [[denote:IDENTIFIER::#ORG-HEADING-CUSTOM-ID]][Description::Heading text]].

Because only Org files can have links to individual headings, the command denote-org-link-to-heading prompts only for Org files (i.e. files which include the .org extension). Remember that Denote works with many file types (read the Denote manual’s section about the file-naming scheme).

This feature is similar to the concept of the user option denote-org-store-link-to-heading (which is part of the main denote package). It is, however, interactive and differs in the directionality of the action. With that user option, the command org-store-link will generate a CUSTOM_ID for the current heading (or capture the value of one as-is), giving the user the option to then call org-insert-link wherever they see fit. By contrast, the command denote-org-link-to-heading prompts for a file, then a heading, and inserts the link at point.

Just as with files, it is possible to show backlinks for the given heading (Backlinks for Org headings).

5.1. Backlinks for Org headings

The optional denote-org.el can generate Denote links to individual headings (Insert link to an Org file with a further pointer to a heading). It is then possible to produce a corresponding backlinks buffer with the command denote-org-backlinks-for-heading. The resulting buffer behaves the same way as the standard backlinks buffer we provide (read the Denote manual’s section about the backlinks buffer). An Org dynamic block with backlinks to the current heading is also an option (Org dynamic blocks to insert links or backlinks).

6. Convert denote: links to file: links in Org and vice versa

Sometimes the user needs to translate all denote: link types to their file: equivalent. This may be because some other tool does not recognise denote: links (or other custom links types—which are a standard feature of Org, by the way). The user thus needs to (i) either make a copy of their Denote note or edit the existing one, and (ii) convert all links to the generic file: link type that external/other programs understand.

The optional extension denote-org.el contains two commands that are relevant for this use-case:

Convert denote: links to file: links
The command denote-org-convert-links-to-file-type goes through the buffer to find all denote: links. It gets the identifier of the link and resolves it to the actual file system path. It then replaces the match so that the link is written with the file: type and then the file system path. The optional search terms and/or link description are preserved (Insert link to an Org file with a further pointer to a heading).
Convert file: links to denote: links
The command denote-org-convert-links-to-denote-type behaves like the one above. The difference is that it finds the file system path and converts it into its identifier.

7. Installation

7.1. GNU ELPA package

The package is available as denote-org. Simply do: 

M-x package-refresh-contents
M-x package-install

And search for it.

GNU ELPA provides the latest stable release. Those who prefer to follow the development process in order to report bugs or suggest changes, can use the version of the package from the GNU-devel ELPA archive. Read: https://protesilaos.com/codelog/2022-05-13-emacs-elpa-devel/.

7.2. Manual installation

Assuming your Emacs files are found in ~/.emacs.d/, execute the following commands in a shell prompt: 

cd ~/.emacs.d

# Create a directory for manually-installed packages
mkdir manual-packages

# Go to the new directory
cd manual-packages

# Clone this repo, naming it "denote-org"
git clone https://github.com/protesilaos/denote-org denote-org

Finally, in your init.el (or equivalent) evaluate this: 

;; Make Elisp files in that directory available to the user.
(add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/manual-packages/denote-org")

Everything is in place to set up the package.

8. Sample configuration

(use-package denote-org
  :ensure t
  :command
  ;; I list the commands here so that you can discover them more
  ;; easily.  You might want to bind the most frequently used ones to
  ;; the `org-mode-map'.
  ( denote-org-link-to-heading
    denote-org-backlinks-for-heading

    denote-org-extract-org-subtree

    denote-org-convert-links-to-file-type
    denote-org-convert-links-to-denote-type

    denote-org-dblock-insert-files
    denote-org-dblock-insert-links
    denote-org-dblock-insert-backlinks
    denote-org-dblock-insert-missing-links
    denote-org-dblock-insert-files-as-headings))

9. Acknowledgements

Denote Sequence is meant to be a collective effort. Every bit of help matters.

Author/maintainer
Protesilaos Stavrou.
Contributions to code or the manual
Claudio Migliorelli, Kierin Bell.
Ideas and/or user feedback
Mirko Hernandez.

10. GNU Free Documentation License


                GNU Free Documentation License
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as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a computer-network location from which the general network-using
public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
Document.


4. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
   from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
   (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
   of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version
   if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
   responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
   Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
   Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
   unless they release you from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
   Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
   adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
   giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
   terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
   and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
   to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
   publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If
   there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
   stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
   given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
   Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
   public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
   the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
   it was based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section.
   You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
   least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
   publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
   Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
   the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
   and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
   unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
   or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
   may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
   or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.


5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You must delete all sections
Entitled "Endorsements".


6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules
of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.


7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.


8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions
of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
title.


9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
not give you any rights to use it.


10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new versions
will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the Document
specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
Document.

11. RELICENSING

"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works.  A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.  A
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site
means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.

"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.

"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in
part, as part of another Document.

An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this License
somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or
in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and
(2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.


ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:

    Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
    Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
    under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
    or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
    with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
    A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
    Free Documentation License".

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

    with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
    Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.